NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS 2018
The Nobel Prizes are prizes awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation.
The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributions to the field of economics. Each recipient, or “laureate”, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided annually by the Nobel Foundation.
| Category | Winners | Country | Details |
|---|---|---|---|
| Physics | Arthur Ashkin | USA | For groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics - invented “optical tweezers,” |
| Gérard Mourou | France | Developed a method of generating high-intensity, ultrashort laser pulses, known as chirped pulse amplification. | |
| Donna Strickland | Canada | Developed a method of generating high-intensity, ultrashort laser pulses, known as chirped pulse amplification. | |
| Chemistry | Frances H. Arnold | USA | For the directed evolution of enzymes |
| George P. Smith | USA | For the phage display of peptides and antibodies. | |
| Sir Gregory P. Winter | UK | For the phage display of peptides and antibodies. | |
| Physiology or Medicine | James P. Allison | USA | For the discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. |
| Tasuku Honjo | Japan | For the discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation. | |
| Peace | Denis Mukwege | Congo | For the efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict |
| Nadia Murad | Iraq | For the efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict | |
| Literature | None | ||
| Economics | William D. Nordhaus | USA | For integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis |
| Paul M. Romer | USA | For integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis |
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