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DEPARTMENT OF ATOMIC ENERGY
India’s atomic research programme is committed to peaceful uses only, for example, atomic power, generation of electricity, development of agriculture and industry, medical science applications, etc. India’s journey to atomic energy research started with establishment of the Atomic Energy Commission
on 10 August 1948, under the chairmanship of Dr Homi J. Bhabha. Subsequently, the DAE was established in 1956, with the following mandate.
- To generate safe, economic electrical power from nuclear energy.
- To build research reactors and to utilize the radioisotopes produced in these reactors for applications in the field of agriculture and medicine.
- To develop advanced technology in areas such as accelerators, lasers, biochemistry, information technology and materials including development of non-nuclear and strategic materials like titanium.
- To encourage technology transfers and interaction with industry for industrial and social development.
- To provide necessary support to basic research in nuclear energy and related fields of science.
- To encourage international cooperation in advanced area of research and in mega-science
projects to realize the benefits of state-of-theart science and technologies. - Contribution to national security.
DAE:
- R&D Sector
- Public secotr undertaking (PSUs)
- Aided institutions
- Industrial sector
Atomic Energy Commission:
The Indian Atomic Energy Commission was first set up in 1948 in the Department of Scientific Research, which was created a few months earlier. The DAE was subsequently set up in 1954 under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India through a Presidential order. Subsequently, in accordance with the Governmental Resolution dated 1 March 1958 the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established in the DAE.
An integrated group of organizations, the Department comprises of five research centres, three industrial organizations, five PSUs and three service organizations.
R&D Sector:
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai.
- Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research,
- Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore
- Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata
- Atomic Minerals Division, Hyderabad
- Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP)
Public Sector:
In Power Sector: (i) Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL)—Mumbai; Bhartiya Nabhika Vidhyut
Nigam, Chennai. Other Sectors:
- Uranium Corporation of India Ltd (UC1L)Jadugude, Bihar;
- Indian Rare Earths Limited (IRE)—Mumbai and
- Electronics Corporation of India Ltd (ECIL)
Allied Institutions:
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics
- Tata Memorial Centre
- Harish-Chandra Research Institute
- Institute of Physics
- National Institute of Science Education and Research
- Institute of Mathematical Sciences
- Institute for Plasma Research
- Homi Bhabha National Institute
- Atomic Energy Education Society
- Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership (GCNEP)
- Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS)
- National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM)
Industrial Sector:
- Heavy Water Board (HWB), Mumbai
- Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad
- Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology (BRIT) Mumbai.
Service Organizations:
Directorate of Purchase and Stores (DPS)—Mumbai; Construction. Services and Estate Management
Group (CS and EMG)—Mumbai; General Services Organization (GSO) Mumbai Kalpakkam;
Atomic Energy Education Society (AEES)—Mumbai.
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB):
Atomic Energy Regulatory Board was constituted on 15 November 1983, by the President of India by exercising the powers conferred by the Atomic Energy Act to carry out certain regulatory and safety functions under the Act. Atomic Energy Regulatory Board has become the 11th member of Multinational Design Evaluation Programme.
Divisions of AERB:
1. Industrial Plants Safety Division (IPSD)
2. Information and Technical Services Division (ITSD)
3. Nuclear Plant Safety Division (NPSD)
4. Operating Plant Safety Division (OPSD)
5. Radiological Safety Division (RSD)
6. Siting and Structural Engineering Division (SSED)
Safety of Nuclear Plants:
Nuclear power plants are sited, designed, constructed and operated with utmost regard to safety of the public and environment. They are provided with several safety features including multiple physical barriers, fail safe systems, redundancy (more numbers than required) to prevent any undue release of radioactivity in the public domain. As a measure of abundant caution, offsite emergency preparedness plans for an unlikely event of an emergency are also put in place.
Role of Nuclear Power in India:
The role of nuclear power in the near term is complementary in meeting the electricity demand of the country. All sources of energy including nuclear power are proposed to be optimally deployed to meet the growing electricity demand of the country. Following the fruition of International cooperation in the field of nuclear energy, in the year 2008, nuclear power generation has grown from 14927 Million Units (MU) of electricity in 2008-09 to 35333 MU in 2013-14. The capacity utilization has also improved from about 50% in 2008-09 to 83% in 2013-14.
The target set for the five years (2012-13 to 2016-17)in the year 2011 was 241748 MU (including 4599 MU from Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor being implemented by Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI). While the five yearly targets are set based on broad plans, annual targets are fixed based on detailed assessment of fuel availability, planned maintenance of units, expected commissioning of new units etc.
Nuclear Waste Management:
Safe management of nuclear waste has been accorded high priority right from the inception of our nuclear energy programme. A comprehensive radioactive waste management has been established based on safe operational experience for more than four decades, taking into account the operational capability for the management of radioactive waste and an independent regulatory overview. Management of nuclear waste in Indian context includes all types of radioactive wastes generated from entire nuclear fuel cycle and also from installations using radionuclides in medicine, industry and research. Utmost emphasis is given to waste minimization, and volume reduction, in the choice of processes and technologies adopted in radioactive waste management plants. Nuclear waste in the form of gas, liquid and solid is generated during operation and maintenance activities of nuclear power plants, and radio-chemical laboratories.
Nuclear Waste Treatment Methodologies:
The following are the nuclear waste treatment methodologies adopted depending on the nature of waste:
(1) Gaseous waste is treated at the source of generation. The techniques used are adsorption on activated charcoal and filtration by high efficiency particulate air filter.
(2) Liquid waste streams are treated by various techniques, such as filtration, adsorption, chemical treatment, evaporation, ion exchange; reverse osmosis, etc., depending upon the nature, volume and radioactivity content.
(3) The radioactive solid wastes generated during operation and maintenance of nuclear power plants are segregated and volume reduced prior to its disposal. Disposal of waste is carried out in specially constructed structures such as reinforced concrete trenches and tile holes. Disposal system is designed based on multi barrier principle for ensuring effective containment of the radioactivity.
(4) High level liquid waste arising out of spent fuel pro-cessing and other radio metallurgical operations are immobilized in a suitable glass matrix (vitrification) and stored in an interim storage facility for initial cooling and surveillance prior to their eventual emplacement in a geological disposal facility.
Has the Toxic Air Pollution Increased Due to Dis-charge from Nuclear Facilities?
It is not true that toxic air pollution has increased due to environmental discharge from nuclear facilities. All atmospheric discharges made to the environment are treated, filtered, monitored and accounted before discharge. Discharges to the environment from nuclear facilities, including that from Waste Management Facility, are much below the authorized limited for release to the environment.
National Security:
BARC’s continued implementation of the necessary R&D as well as manufacturing related activities work in tandem with various projects managed by governmental institutions who deal in national security. For instance, the reload core for ‘Arihant’ missile went critical and a major milestone in the national security as achieved. The vessel is presently undergoing harbour trails.
Status of India-US 123 Bilateral Agreement:
India and the United States have reached an understanding on the issues related to civil nuclear liability and finalized the text of the Administrative Arrangement to implement the September 2008 bilateral 123 Agreement. This will allow us to move towards commercial negotiations on setting up of reactors with international collaborations in India including localization of technologies, as necessary, and realize the significant economic and clean energy potential of the international civil nuclear cooperation.
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